Cardiomyopathy Panel

155 gene panel that includes assessment of non-coding variants

Ideal for patients with a clinical suspicion of atypical or complex cardiomyopathy phenotypes.

Analysis methods Availability Number of genes Test code CPT codes
PLUS
SEQ
DEL/DUP
4 weeks 155 GHC0006 SEQ 81439
DEL/DUP 81479

Summary

ICD codes
Commonly used ICD-10 code(s) when ordering the Cardiomyopathy Panel

ICD-10 Disease
I42.5 RCM
I42.9 Cardiomyopathy NAS
Q87.1 Noonan syndrome
I42.2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
I42.0 Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
I42.8 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
I42.8 Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC)

Sample requirements:

  • EDTA blood, min. 1 ml
  • Purified DNA, min. 3μg
  • Saliva (Oragene DNA OG-500 kit)

Label the sample tube with your patient’s name, date of birth and the date of sample collection. Note that we do not accept DNA samples isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue.

About

Cardiomyopathies are a group of severe cardiac diseases with a strong genetic background. Cardiomyopathies are all associated with significantly increased risk of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. According to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) classification (Charron et al. 2010), cardiomyopathies can be divided into five subgroups according to structural and functional changes of the myocardium: 1) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 2) dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 3) arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), 4) restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) and 5) non-classified cardiomyopathies such as isolated left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC). Thousands of causative cardiomyopathy mutations have been characterized from more than 100 genes to date. These genes encode proteins making up the structure of the sarcomere, cytoskeleton, desmosome, ion channels or nuclear lamina, and proteins participating in Ca2+ handling during the contraction phase of action potential or affecting cardiac energy metabolism. In addition, there are several disorders that may result in congenital or early childhood-onset cardiomyopathty.

Panel Content

Genes in the Cardiomyopathy Panel and their clinical significance

Gene Associated phenotypes Inheritance ClinVar HGMD
AARS2Leukoencephalopathy, progressive, with ovarian failure, Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 8AR1726
ABCC6Pseudoxanthoma elasticumAR368374
ABCC9Atrial fibrillation, Cantu syndrome, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD2540
ACAD9Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, deficiencyAR2544
ACADVLAcyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain, deficiencyAR94270
ACTA1MyopathyAD/AR61206
ACTC1Left ventricular noncompaction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Cardiomyopathy, restrictive, Atrial septal defect, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD2360
ACTN2Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD1041
AGKSengers syndrome, Cataract 38AR1827
AGLGlycogen storage diseaseAR90243
ALMS1Alström syndromeAR64295
ALPK3Pediatric cardiomyopathyAR95
ANO5Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia, LGMD2L and distal MMD3 muscular dystrophiesAD/AR60115
APOA1Amyloidosis, systemic nonneuronopathic, HypoalphalipoproteinemiaAD/AR2769
BAG3Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Myopathy, myofibrillarAD3660
BRAFLEOPARD syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Cardiofaciocutaneous syndromeAD13565
CALR3Cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic, 19AD3
CAPN3Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, Eosinophilic myositisAR134428
CASQ2Ventricular tachycardia, catecholaminergic, polymorphicAR2433
CBLNoonan syndrome-like disorder with or without juvenile myelomonocytic leukemiaAD2338
CDH2Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)AD5
COX15Leigh syndrome, Cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiencyAR75
CPT2Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiencyAR48107
CRYABCataract, myofibrillar myopathy and cardiomyopathy, Congenital cataract and cardiomyopathy, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Myopathy, myofibrillar, Cataract 16, multiple types, Myopathy, myofibrillar, fatal infantile hypertonic, alpha-B crystallin-relatedAD1528
CSRP3Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD529
CTNNA3Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasiaAD641
DBHDopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiencyAR1013
DESDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Myopathy, myofibrillar, Scapuloperoneal syndrome, neurogenic, Kaeser typeAD/AR61117
DMDBecker muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)XL6823818
DNAJC193-methylglutaconic aciduriaAR35
DOLKCongenital disorder of glycosylationAR811
DSC2Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasiaAD/AR2585
DSG2Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD40125
DSPCardiomyopathy, dilated, with wooly hair, keratoderma, and tooth agenesis, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, Cardiomyopathy, dilated, with wooly hair and keratoderma, Keratosis palmoplantaris striata II, Epidermolysis bullosa, lethal acantholyticAD/AR155281
DTNALeft ventricular noncompaction 1AD36
DYSFMiyoshi muscular dystrophy, Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, Myopathy, distal, with anterior tibial onsetAR188517
EEF1A2Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, Mental retardationAD1211
ELAC2Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 17AR1115
EMDEmery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophyXL44112
EPG5Vici syndromeAR2950
ETFAGlutaric aciduria, Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencyAR929
ETFBGlutaric aciduria, Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencyAR614
ETFDHGlutaric aciduria, Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencyAR41173
FBXO32Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD/AR2
FHL1Myopathy with postural muscle atrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Reducing bod myopathyXL2260
FKRPMuscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathyAR41137
FKTNMuscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (limb-girdle)AD/AR3457
FLNCMyopathyAD29101
FOXD4Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD1
FOXRED1Leigh syndrome, Mitochondrial complex I deficiencyAR158
FXNFriedreich ataxiaAR1263
GAAGlycogen storage diseaseAR147558
GATA6Heart defects, congenital, and other congenital anomalies, Atrial septal defect 9, atrioventricular septal defect 5, Persistent truncus arteriosus, Tetralogy of FallotAD1679
GATAD1Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AR231
GBE1Glycogen storage diseaseAR3470
GFM1Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiencyAR1818
GLAFabry diseaseXL215919
GLB1GM1-gangliosidosis, Mucopolysaccharidosis (Morquio syndrome)AR65212
GMPPBMuscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathyAR1435
GTPBP3Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 23AR1415
GUSBMucopolysaccharidosisAR2661
HADHATrifunctional protein deficiency, Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencyAR5070
HAND1Congenital heart defects, Dilated cardiomyopathyAD8
HCN4Sick sinus syndrome, Brugada syndromeAD928
HFEHemochromatosisAR/Digenic1056
HRASCostello syndrome, Congenital myopathy with excess of muscle spindlesAD4129
ISPDMuscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathyAR3049
JPH2Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)AD312
JUPArrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, Naxos diseaseAD/AR843
KRASNoonan syndrome, Cardiofaciocutaneous syndromeAD6134
LAMA2Muscular dystrophy, congenital merosin-deficientAR125294
LAMP2Danon diseaseXL5797
LARGEMuscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathyAR1625
LDB3Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Myopathy, myofibrillarAD914
LMNAHeart-hand syndrome, Slovenian, Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, Muscular dystrophy, congenital, LMNA-related, Lipodystrophy (Dunnigan), Emery-Dreiffus muscular dystrophy, Malouf syndrome, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Mandibuloacral dysplasia type A, Progeria Hutchinson-Gilford typeAD/AR231553
LRRC10Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD/AR4
LZTR1Schwannomatosis, Noonan syndromeAD2764
MAP2K1Cardiofaciocutaneous syndromeAD4521
MAP2K2Cardiofaciocutaneous syndromeAD2135
MLYCDMalonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiencyAR1338
MTO1Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiencyAR1524
MYBPC3Left ventricular noncompaction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD4601022
MYBPHLDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD2
MYH6Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Atrial septal defect 3AD13114
MYH7Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Myopathy, myosin storage, Myopathy, distal, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD285950
MYL2Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Infantile type I muscle fibre disease and cardiomyopathyAD2066
MYL3Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)AD/AR1340
MYL4Atrial fibrillation, familial, 18AD22
MYOTMyopathy, myofibrillar, Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, 1A, Myopathy, spheroid bodyAD716
MYPNHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Cardiomyopathy, restrictive, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Nemaline myopathy 11, autosomal recessiveAD543
NDUFAF2Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, Leigh syndromeAR108
NEXNHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD542
NF1Watson syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndromeAD8102703
NRASNoonan syndromeAD3114
PCCAPropionic acidemiaAR48123
PCCBPropionic acidemiaAR41114
PKP2Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasiaAD141275
PLECMuscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, Epidermolysis bullosaAR3398
PLEKHM2Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), left ventricular noncompactionAR11
PLNHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD/AR829
PNPLA2Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathyAR1236
PPA2Sudden cardiac failure, infantileAR88
PPP1CBNoonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair 2AD77
PRDM16Left ventricular noncompaction, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD1615
PRKAG2Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Glycogen storage disease of heart, lethal congenitalAD1756
PTPN11Noonan syndrome, MetachondromatosisAD128139
RAF1LEOPARD syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD4448
RASA2Noonan syndromeAD13
RBCK1Polyglucosan body myopathyAR1014
RBM20Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD1943
RIT1Noonan syndromeAD2025
RMND1Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiencyAR1815
RRASNoonan-syndrome like phenotypeAD/AR2
RYR2Ventricular tachycardia, catecholaminergic polymorphic, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasiaAD113353
SCN5AHeart block, nonprogressive, Heart block, progressive, Long QT syndrome, Ventricular fibrillation, Atrial fibrillation, Sick sinus syndrome, Brugada syndrome, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD/AR/Digenic225829
SCNN1BLiddle syndrome, Pseudohypoaldosteronism, Bronchiectasis with or without elevated sweat chlorideAD/AR1846
SCNN1GLiddle syndrome, Pseudohypoaldosteronism, Bronchiectasis with or without elevated sweat chlorideAD/AR518
SCO2Leigh syndrome, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, MyopiaAR4233
SDHALeigh syndrome/Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II deficiency, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, Paragangliomas, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1GGAD/AR4258
SELENONMuscular dystrophy, rigid spine, Myopathy, congenital, with fiber- disproportionAR3262
SGCAMuscular dystrophy, limb-girdleAR4799
SGCBMuscular dystrophy, limb-girdleAR2962
SGCDMuscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AR1326
SGCGMuscular dystrophy, limb-girdleAR2063
SHOC2Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hairAD24
SLC22A5Carnitine deficiency, systemic primaryAR84150
SLC25A4Progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions, Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromeAD/AR1215
SLC25A20Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiencyAR1442
SMCHD1Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, type 2Digenic (involving a SMCHD1 mutation and permissive D4Z4 haplotype)4676
SOS1Noonan syndromeAD4567
SOS2Noonan syndrome 9AD36
SPEGCentronuclear myopathy 5AR58
SPRED1Legius syndromeAD2371
TAB2Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 2AD1127
TAZ3-Methylglutaconic aciduria, (Barth syndrome)XL42153
TBX5Holt-Oram syndromeAD55126
TBX20Atrial septal defect 4AD327
TCAPMuscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD/AR1227
TGFB3Loeys-Dietz syndrome (Reinhoff syndrome), Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasiaAD1722
TMEM43Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophyAD524
TMEM70Mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) deficiencyAR1118
TNNC1Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD923
TNNI3Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Cardiomyopathy, restrictive, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD/AR54127
TNNI3KCardiac conduction disease with or without dilated cardiomyopathyAD12
TNNT2Left ventricular noncompaction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Cardiomyopathy, restrictive, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD57140
TOR1AIP1Muscular dystrophy with progressive weakness, distal contractures and rigid spineAD/AR25
TPM1Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD3395
TRIM32Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdleAR1316
TSFMCombined oxidative phosphorylation deficiencyAR76
TTNDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Tibial muscular dystrophy, Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, Hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure, Myopathy, early-onset, with fatal cardiomyopathy (Salih myopathy), Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, type 2JAD725304
TTRDystransthyretinemic hyperthyroxinemia, Amyloidosis, hereditary, transthyretin-relatedAD49146
VCLHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)AD829
VCPAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Inclusion body myopathy with early-onset Paget disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseaseAD1857
VPS13AChoreoacanthocytosisAR19113
XKMcLeod syndromeXL1039

Non-coding variants covered by the panel

Gene Genomic location HG19 HGVS RefSeq RS-number
ABCC6Chr16:16281097c.1780-29T>ANM_001171.5rs72664206
ACADVLChr17:7126948c.1252-15A>GNM_001270447.1rs765390290
ACADVLChr17:7125485c.822-11T>GNM_001270447.1
ACADVLChr17:7125469c.822-27C>TNM_001270447.1rs374911841
ACTC1Chr15:35080829c.*1784T>CNM_005159.4
AGLChr1:100381954c.4260-12A>GNM_000028.2rs369973784
APOA1Chr11:116708299c.-21+22G>ANM_000039.1
APOA1Chr11:116708365c.-65A>CNM_000039.1
CAPN3Chr15:42695919c.1746-20C>TNM_000070.2
CAPN3Chr15:42702770c.2185-16A>GNM_000070.2
CAPN3Chr15:42678352c.380-13T>ANM_000070.2
DMDChrX:32644479c.1332-11909C>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32841967c.265-463A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:33192452c.31+36947G>ANM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32479520c.3432+2036A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32479316c.3432+2240A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32460274c.3787-843C>ANM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32398808c.4675-11A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32827744c.531-16T>A/GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32366860c.5326-215T>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32360414c.5740-15G>TNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32274692c.6290+30954C>TNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31983146c.6614+3310G>TNM_004006.2rs797045526
DMDChrX:31897527c.6913-4037T>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31627738c.8217+18052A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31613687c.8217+32103G>TNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32716130c.832-15A>GNM_004006.2rs72470513
DMDChrX:31382270c.9085-15519G>TNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31332523c.9224+9192C>ANM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31279293c.9225-160A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31279418c.9225-285A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31279780c.9225-647A>GNM_004006.2rs398124091
DMDChrX:31279781c.9225-648A>GNM_004006.2rs398124084
DMDChrX:33032666c.93+5590T>ANM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31229031c.9362-1215A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31226400c.9563+1215A>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31224814c.9564-30A>TNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31225211c.9564-427T>GNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:32669100c.961-5831C>TNM_004006.2rs398124099
DMDChrX:32669194c.961-5925A>CNM_004006.2
DMDChrX:31219364c.9807+2714C>TNM_004006.2
DSC2Chr18:28683379c.-1445G>CNM_024422.4rs75494355
DYSFChr2:71817308c.3443-33A>GNM_003494.3rs786205083
DYSFChr2:71840553c.4410+13T>GNM_003494.3
DYSFChr2:71889030c.4886+1249G>TNM_003494.3
ETFDHChr4:159593534c.-75A>GNM_004453.2
FKTNChr9:108368857c.648-1243G>TNM_006731.2
GAAChr17:78078369c.-17C>TNM_000152.3
GAAChr17:78078341c.-32-13T>ANM_000152.3
GAAChr17:78078341c.-32-13T>GNM_000152.3rs386834236
GAAChr17:78078352c.-32-2A>GNM_000152.3
GAAChr17:78078351c.-32-3C>ANM_000152.3
GAAChr17:78078351c.-32-3C>A/GNM_000152.3
GAAChr17:78082266c.1076-22T>GNM_000152.3rs762260678
GAAChr17:78092432c.2647-20T>GNM_000152.3
GATA6Chr18:19749272c.-409C>GNM_005257.4
GATA6Chr18:19749151c.-530A>TNM_005257.4
GBE1Chr3:81542963c.2053-3358_2053-3350delGTGTGGTGGinsTGTTTTTTACATGACAGGTNM_000158.3
GLAChrX:100656225c.547+395G>CNM_000169.2
GLAChrX:100653945c.640-11T>ANM_000169.2
GLAChrX:100654735c.640-801G>ANM_000169.2rs199473684
GLAChrX:100654793c.640-859C>TNM_000169.2rs869312374
HFEChr6:26087649c.-20G>ANM_000410.3rs138378000
LAMA2Chr6:129636608c.3556-13T>ANM_000426.3rs775278003
LAMA2Chr6:129714172c.5235-18G>ANM_000426.3rs188365084
LAMP2ChrX:119604078c.-1054A>CNM_001122606.1
LMNAChr1:156107037c.1608+14G>ANM_170707.3
LMNAChr1:156107433c.1609-12T>GNM_170707.3rs267607582
LMNAChr1:156100609c.513+45T>GNM_170707.3
LMNAChr1:156105681c.937-11C>GNM_170707.3rs267607645
LZTR1Chr22:21340117c.264-13G>ANM_006767.3rs587777176
MLYCDChr16:83948547c.949-14A>GNM_012213.2rs761146008
MYBPC3Chr11:47353394c.*26+2T>CNM_000256.3
MYBPC3Chr11:47364832c.1224-19G>ANM_000256.3rs587776699
MYBPC3Chr11:47364814c.1224-1G>TNM_000256.3rs767405420
MYBPC3Chr11:47364815c.1224-2A>GNM_000256.3rs397515891
MYBPC3Chr11:47364709c.1227-13G>ANM_000256.3rs397515893
MYBPC3Chr11:47360310c.2149-80G>ANM_000256.3
MYBPC3Chr11:47359371c.2309-26A>GNM_000256.3
MYBPC3Chr11:47368581c.906-1G>CNM_000256.3rs587776700
MYBPC3Chr11:47368616c.906-36G>ANM_000256.3rs864622197
NEXNChr1:78381662c.-52-78C>ANM_144573.3
NF1Chr17:29422056c.-272G>ANM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29422055c.-273A>CNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29530107c.1260+1604A>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29533239c.1261-19G>ANM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29534143c.1392+754T>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29488136c.288+2025T>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29577934c.4110+1802delANM_001042492.2rs863224944
NF1Chr17:29577082c.4110+945A>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29580296c.4173+278A>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29654479c.5269-38A>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29656858c.5610-456G>TNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29657848c.5812+332A>GNM_001042492.2rs863224491
NF1Chr17:29508428c.587-12T>ANM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29508426c.587-14T>ANM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29664375c.6428-11T>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29664618c.6642+18A>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29676126c.7190-12T>ANM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29685481c.7971-17C>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29685177c.7971-321C>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29685665c.8113+25A>TNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29510334c.888+651T>ANM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29510427c.888+744A>GNM_001042492.2
NF1Chr17:29510472c.888+789A>GNM_001042492.2
PCCAChr13:100958030c.1285-1416A>GNM_000282.3
PCCBChr3:136003251c.714+462A>GNM_001178014.1
PLNChr6:118869417c.-236C>GNM_002667.4rs188578681
PLNChr6:118869382c.-271A>GNM_002667.4
PTPN11Chr12:112915602c.934-59T>ANM_002834.3
SELENONChr1:26143316c.*1107T>CNM_020451.2
SGCGChr13:23755215c.-1+1G>TNM_000231.2
SLC22A5Chr5:131714054c.394-16T>ANM_003060.3rs775097754
SLC22A5Chr5:131722665c.825-52G>ANM_003060.3
SMCHD1Chr18:2701019c.1647+103A>GNM_015295.2
TBX20Chr7:35293780c.-549G>ANM_001077653.2rs571512677
TBX5Chr12:114704515c.*88822C>ANM_000192.3rs141875471
TGFB3Chr14:76425035c.*495C>TNM_003239.2rs387906514
TGFB3Chr14:76447266c.-30G>ANM_003239.2rs770828281
VCPChr9:35072710c.-360G>CNM_007126.3

Panel Update

Genes added

  • ABCC6
  • ALMS1
  • CALR3
  • CDH2
  • DOLK
  • DTNA
  • EEF1A2
  • ELAC2
  • EPG5
  • FOXD4
  • GATA6
  • GTPBP3
  • HADHA
  • HAND1
  • LRRC10
  • MLYCD
  • MYBPHL
  • MYL4
  • NDUFAF2
  • PCCA
  • PCCB
  • PPA2
  • PPP1CB
  • RBCK1
  • RMND1
  • SOS2
  • SPEG
  • TAB2
  • TBX20
  • TBX5
  • TNNI3K
  • TOR1AIP1
  • VPS13A

Genes removed

  • A2ML1
  • ANKRD1
  • CHKB
  • CPT1A
  • DAG1
  • EYA4
  • GNE
  • NSUN2
  • POMGNT1
  • POMT1
  • POMT2

Test strength and Limitations

The strengths of this test include:

  • CAP and ISO-15189 accreditations covering all operations at GHC Genetics including all Whole Exome Sequencing, NGS panels and confirmatory testing
  • CLIA-certified personnel performing clinical testing in a CLIA-certified laboratory
  • Powerful sequencing technologies, advanced target enrichment methods and precision bioinformatics pipelines ensure superior analytical performance
  • Careful construction of clinically effective and scientifically justified gene panels
  • Our Nucleus online portal providing transparent and easy access to quality and performance data at the patient level
  • Our publically available analytic validation demonstrating complete details of test performance
  • ~1,500 non-coding disease causing variants in GHC WES assay (please see below ‘Non-coding disease causing variants covered by this panel’)
  • Our rigorous variant classification based on modified ACMG variant classification scheme
  • Our systematic clinical interpretation workflow using proprietary software enabling accurate and traceable processing of NGS data
  • Our comprehensive clinical statements

Test limitations The following exons are not included in the panel as they are not sufficiently covered with high quality sequence reads: *PPA2* (11, 12). Genes with partial, or whole gene, segmental duplications in the human genome are marked with an asterisk if they overlap with the UCSC pseudogene regions. The technology may have limited sensitivity to detect variants in genes marked with these symbols (please see the Panel content table above).

This test does not detect the following:
  • Complex inversions
  • Gene conversions
  • Balanced translocations
  • Mitochondrial DNA variants
  • Repeat expansion disorders unless specifically mentioned
  • Non-coding variants deeper than ±20 base pairs from exon-intron boundary unless otherwise indicated (please see above Panel Content / non-coding variants covered by the panel).

This test may not reliably detect the following:
  • Low level mosaicism
  • Stretches of mononucleotide repeats
  • Indels larger than 50bp
  • Single exon deletions or duplications
  • Variants within pseudogene regions/duplicated segments

The sensitivity of this test may be reduced if DNA is extracted by a laboratory other than GHC Genetics.

For additional information, please refer to the Test performance section and see our Analytic Validation.

Test Performance

The GHC Genetics panel covers classical genes associated with Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), cardiac arrest underlying cardiac condition, cardiac arrest cause unspecified, syncope and collapse, abnormal ECG, Long QT syndrome, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and Short QT syndrome. The genes on the panel have been carefully selected based on scientific literature, mutation databases and our experience.

Our panels are sliced from our high-quality whole exome sequencing data. Please see our sequencing and detection performance table for different types of alterations at the whole exome level (Table).

Assays have been validated for different starting materials including EDTA-blood, isolated DNA (no FFPE), saliva and dry blood spots (filter card) and all provide high-quality results. The diagnostic yield varies substantially depending on the assay used, referring healthcare professional, hospital and country. GHC Genetics’ Plus Analysis (Seq+Del/Dup) maximizes the chance to find a molecular genetic diagnosis for your patient although Sequence Analysis or Del/Dup Analysis may be a cost-effective first line test if your patient’s phenotype is suggestive of a specific mutation type.

Performance of GHC Genetics Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) assay.
All individual panels are sliced from WES data.

Sensitivity % (TP/(TP+FN) Specificity %
Single nucleotide variants 99.65% (412,456/413,893) >99.99%
Insertions, deletions and indels by sequence analysis
1-10 bps 96.94% (17,070/17,608) >99.99%
11-50 bps 99.07% (957/966) >99.99%
Copy number variants (exon level dels/dups)
Clinical samples (small CNVs, n=52)
1 exon level deletion 92.3% (24/26) NA
2 exons level deletion/duplication 100.0% (11/11) NA
3-7 exons level deletion/duplication 93.3% (14/15) NA
Microdeletion/-duplication sdrs (large CNVs, n=37))
Size range (0.1-47 Mb) 100% (37/37)
Simulated CNV detection
2 exons level deletion/duplication 90.98% (7,357/8,086) 99.96%
5 exons level deletion/duplication 98.63% (7,975/8,086) 99.98%
The performance presented above reached by WES with the following coverage metrics
Mean sequencing depth at exome level 174x
Nucleotides with >20x sequencing coverage (%) 99.4%

Our mission is to improve the quality of the sequencing process and each modification is followed by our standardized validation process. Detection of Del/Dup of several genes is by MLPA analysis (MS Holland). All genes are performed by CNV analysis through the genome depending on exon size, sequencing coverage and sequence content. We have validated the assays for different starting materials including isolated DNA from EDTA blood that provide high-quality results.

Bioinformatics & clinical interpretation

The sequencing data generated in our laboratory is analysed by our bioinformatic pipeline, integrating state-of-the art algorithms and industry-standard software solutions. We use also JSI medical systems software for sequencing data analysis. JSI medical systems is a certified system offering sophisticated bioinformatic software solutions covering a wide field of sequencing techniques.

Incorporation of rigorous quality control steps throughout the workflow of the pipeline ensures the consistency, validity and accuracy of results.

Every pathogenic or probably pathogenic variant is confirmed by the Sanger sequencing method. Sanger sequencing is also used occasionally with other variants reported in the statement. In the case of variant of uncertain significance (VUS) we do not recommend risk stratification based on the genetic finding. The analysis of detected variants was performed on the basis of the reference database of polymorphisms and international mutation databases: UMD, LOVD and ClinVar.

The consequence of variants in coding and splice regions are estimated using Alamut software. The Alamut database contains more than 28000 coding genes, non-protein coding genes and pseudogenes. This database (shared with the high throughput annotation engine for NGS data, Alamut Batch) is frequently updated. Information comes from different public databases such as NCBI, EBI, and UCSC, as well as other sources including gnomAD, ESP, Cosmic, ClinVar, or HGMD and CentoMD (for those a separate subscription from Qiagen/Biobase and Centogene respectively is required). Alamut Visual finds information about nucleotide conservation data through many vertebrates’ species, with the phastCons and phyloP scores, amino acid conservation data through orthologue alignments and information on protein domains.

Moreover, we integrate several missense variant pathogenicity prediction tools and algorithms such as SIFT, PolyPhen, AlignGVGD or MutationTaster. It also offers a window dedicated to the in silico study of variants’ effect on RNA splicing, allowing the assessment of their potential impact on splice junctions and visualization of cryptic or de novo splice sites. Impact on splicing regulation is also assessed.


Clinical interpretation

At GHC Genetics our geneticists and clinicians, who together evaluate the results from the sequence analysis pipeline in the context of phenotype information provided in the requisition form, prepare the clinical report. We recommend an interpretation of the findings of this molecular genetic analysis, including subsequent oncological consultation for the patient in the context of genetic counselling for the patient.

We strive to continuously monitor current genetic literature identifying new relevant information and findings and adapting them to our diagnostics. This enables relevant novel discoveries to be rapidly translated and adopted into our ongoing diagnostics development without delay. The undertaking of such comprehensive due diligence ensures that our diagnostic panels and clinical statements are the most up-to-date on the market.

Variant classification is the corner stone of clinical interpretation and resulting patient management decisions. Minor modifications were made to increase reproducibility of the variant classification and improve the clinical validity of the report. Our experience with tens of thousands of clinical cases analysed at our laboratories enables us to further develop the industry standard.

The final step in the analysis of sequence variants is confirmation of variants classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic using bi-directional Sanger sequencing. Variant(s) fulfilling all of the following criteria are not Sanger confirmed: 1) the variant quality score is above the internal threshold for a true positive call, 2) an unambiguous IGV in-line with the variant call and 3) previous Sanger confirmation of the same variant three times at GHC Genetics. Reported variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are confirmed with bi-directional Sanger sequencing only if the quality score is below our internally defined quality score for true positive call. Reported copy number variations with a size >10 exons are confirmed by orthogonal methods such as qPCR if the specific CNV has been seen less than three times at GHC Genetics.

Our clinical statement includes tables for sequencing and copy number variants that include basic variant information (genomic coordinates, HGVS nomenclature, zygosity, allele frequencies, in silico predictions, OMIM phenotypes and classification of the variant). In addition, the statement includes detailed descriptions of the variant, gene and phenotype(s) including the role of the specific gene in human disease, the mutation profile, information about the gene’s variation in population cohorts and detailed information about related phenotypes. We also provide links to the references used, and mutation databases to help our customers further evaluate the reported findings if desired. The conclusion summarizes all of the existing information and provides our rationale for the classification of the variant.

Identification of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in dominant disorders or their combinations in different alleles in recessive disorders are considered molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. In these cases, family member testing can be used for risk stratification within the family. In the case of variants of uncertain significance (VUS), we do not recommend family member risk stratification based on the VUS result. Furthermore, in the case of VUS, we do not recommend the use of genetic information in patient management or genetic counselling.

Our Clinical interpretation team analyses millions of variants from thousands of individuals with rare diseases. Thus, our database, and our understanding of variants and related phenotypes, is growing by leaps and bounds. Our laboratories are therefore well positioned to re-classify previously reported variants as new information becomes available. If a variant previously reported by GHC Genetics is re-classified, our laboratories will issue a follow-up statement to the original ordering health care provider at no additional cost.